Oplemenjivanje na otpornost prema patogenima pšenice - stanje i perspektive

Abstract

Proizvodnja strnih žita postala je izazov modernog društva imajući u vidu porast stanovištva i nepovoljne uticaje klimatskih promena. Intezivna primena hemijskih sredstava u biljnoj proizvodnji omogućila je sa jedne strane porast prinosa, ali je dovela i do narušavanja ne samo kvaliteta zemljišta, vode i vazduha već i prirodne ravnoteže između biljaka i patogena. To je dovelo do pojave sve češćih promena u strukturi populacija patogena, menjanja prevalentnih vrsta i rasa patogena, ali i do narušavanja mehanizama odbrane biljaka usled kompleksnosti delovanja abiotičkih i biotičkih faktora stresa. Organizacija za hranu i poljoprivredu (FAO) Ujedinjenih nacija definisala je integralnu zaštitu bilja (IZB) kao specifičnu strategiju u suzbijanja štetnih organizama na najekonomičniji, kao i ekološki i društveno prihvatljiv način. S obzirom da je IZB fleksibilan sistem koji koristi lokalne resurse u kontroli pojave patogena, bolje poznavanje kompleksnosti odnosa biljke domaćina i patogena postaje imperativ savremene zaštite bilja.

The production of small grains has become a challenge taking into account the increment of global population and the adverse effects of climate change. The intensive plant production enabled cultivation of higher yielding cultivars but it also led to environmental degradation, and the disruption of the natural balance between plants and pathogens. Changes in structure of pathogen populations, variability in predominant pathogens in one growing area, and alterations of plant defence responses due to the complexity of combined effects of abiotic and biotic stressors, arised as major obsticules in pathogen control and crop protection. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has defined integrated pest management (IPM) as a specific strategy in controlling harmful organisms by using the most economical as well as ecologically and socially acceptable way. Given that IPM is a flexible system that uses local resources for pathogen control, better understanding of the complexity of factors affecting the plant-pathogen interaction has become imperative for modern plant protection.